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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)

2022 February 13
Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
Destroying Democracy: Neoliberal capitalism and the rise of authoritarian politics  

Democracy is being destroyed. This is a crisis that expresses itself in the rising authoritarianism visible in divisive and exclusionary politics, populist political parties and movements, increased distrust in fact-based information and news, and the withering accountability of state institutions. Over the last four decades, democracy has radically shifted to a market democracy in which all aspects of human, non-human and planetary life are commodified, with corporations becoming more powerful than states and their citizens. This is how neoliberal capitalism functions at a systemic level and if left unchecked, is the greatest threat to democracy and a sustainable planet.

Volume six of the Democratic Marxism series focuses on how decades of neoliberal capitalism have eroded the global democratic project and how, in the process, authoritarian politics are gaining ground. Scholars and activists from the political left focus on four country cases – India, Brazil, South Africa and the United States of America – in which the COVID-19 pandemic has fuelled and highlighted the pre-existing crisis. They interrogate issues of politics, ecology, state security, media, access to information and political parties, and affirm the need to reclaim and re-build an expansive and inclusive democracy.
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
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2022 February 14
Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
Philip Nord - The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France  

France in the mid-nineteenth century was shaken by a surge of civic activism, the "resurrection of civil society." But unlike similar developments throughout Europe, this civic mobilization culminated in the establishment of democratic institutions. How, Philip Nord asks, did France effect a successful transition from Louis-Napoleon's authoritarian Second Empire to a functioning republic based on universal suffrage and governed by middle-class parliamentarians? How did French civic activism take this democratic turn?

Nord provides the answers in a multidimensional narrative that encompasses not only history and politics but also religion, philosophy, art, literature, and gender. He traces the advance of democratic sentiment and the consolidation of political dissent at its strategic institutional sites: the lodges of Freemasonry, the University, the Paris Chamber of Commerce, the Protestant and Jewish consistories, the Paris bar, and the arts. It was the particular character and unfolding of these struggles, Nord demonstrates, that made an awakening middle class receptive to democratic politics. The new republican elite was armed with a specific vision that rallied rural France—a vision of solidarity and civic-mindedness, of moral improvement, and of a socioeconomic order anchored in family enterprise.

Nord's trenchant analysis explains how and why the Third Republic (1870-1940) endured longer than any other regime since the 1789 revolution. The convergence of republican currents at midcentury bequeathed to the French nation a mature civil society, a political elite highly trained in the arts of democratic politics, and an agenda that encompassed not only constitutional reform but also a reformation of private life and public culture.
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
Charles Taylor - The Malaise of Modernity (part 5)

Charles Taylor focuses on the key modern concept of self-fulfillment, often attacked as the central support of what Christopher Lasch has called "the culture of narcissism." To Taylor, self-fulfillment, although often expressed in self-centered ways, isn't necessarily a rejection of traditional values and social commitment; it also reflects something authentic and valuable in modern culture. Only by distinguishing what is good in this modern striving from what is socially and politically dangerous, Taylor says, can our age be made to deliver its promise.

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WuGQ5KJjELA
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
Antonio Gramsci - Subaltern Social Groups: A Critical Edition of Prison Notebook 25  

Antonio Gramsci is widely celebrated as the most original political thinker in Western Marxism. Among the most central aspects of his enduring intellectual legacy is the concept of subalternity. Developed in the work of scholars such as Gayatri Spivak and Ranajit Guha, subalternity has been extraordinarily influential across fields of inquiry stretching from cultural studies, literary theory, and postcolonial criticism to anthropology, sociology, criminology, and disability studies. Almost every author whose work touches upon subalterns alludes to Gramsci’s formulation of the concept. Yet Gramsci’s original writings on the topic have not yet appeared in full in English.

Among his prison notebooks, Gramsci devoted a single notebook to the theme of subaltern social groups. Notebook 25, which he entitled “On the Margins of History (History of Subaltern Social Groups),” contains a series of observations on subaltern groups from ancient Rome and medieval communes to the period after the Italian Risorgimento, in addition to discussions of the state, intellectuals, the methodological criteria of historical analysis, and reflections on utopias and philosophical novels. This volume presents the first complete translation of Gramsci’s notes on the topic. In addition to a comprehensive translation of Notebook 25 along with Gramsci’s first draft and related notes on subaltern groups, it includes a critical apparatus that clarifies Gramsci’s history, culture, and sources and contextualizes these ideas against his earlier writings and letters. Subaltern Social Groups is an indispensable account of the development of one of the crucial concepts in twentieth-century thought.
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
Арен Ванян - Демифологизируя Канта

О биографии великого философа, написанной Манфредом Кюном

В начале прошлого года на русском языке вышла биография Иммануила Канта, которую подготовил Манфред Кюн, видный знаток немецкого идеализма. У издания оказалось две заметных странности. Во-первых, на обложке вместо Канта красуется его современник, философ Фридрих Якоби. Во-вторых, книгу продвигали как «первую за более чем полстолетия полную биографию» прусского философа. Это точный перевод английской аннотации, но отечественным реалиям он соответствует не самым очевидным образом: например, работа Арсения Гулыги, вышедшая в серии «ЖЗЛ» в 1977-м, безусловно, содержит куда меньше сведений, но все-таки здесь критерий полноты вещь дискуссионная.

https://gorky.media/reviews/demifologiziruya-kanta/
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
Джефф Шулленбергер - Козел отпущения в видящем камне: миметика, акселерационизм и технологии контроля

Джефф Шулленбергер – американский литературный критик и философ, преподаватель Нью-Йоркского Университета, автор блога Outsider theory. В своем блоге он активно применяет и развивает миметическую теорию антрополога Рене Жирара, исследовавшего проблемы связанные с подражанием и насилием в человеческих сообществах. Ниже представлены два текста из его блога. В первом он анализирует то, как гуманитарное образование Алекса Карпа и Питера Тиля, а также их внимание к проблеме насилия, повлияло на создание Palantir Technologies. Из этой заметки вы узнаете, какие философские основания лежат в фундаменте этого, казалось бы, чисто технологического проекта. Второй текст – это доклад Джеффа Шулленбергера, представленный им на жирардианском «Коллоквиуме о насилии и религии», в котором он осуществил сравнительный анализ акселерационизма и миметической теории.

https://spacemorgue.com/scapegoat/
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2022 February 15
Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
Axel Honneth - Freedom's Right: The Social Foundations of Democratic Life

Theories of justice often fixate on purely normative, abstract principles unrelated to real-world situations. The philosopher and theorist Axel Honneth addresses this disconnect, and constructs a theory of justice derived from the normative claims of Western liberal-democratic societies and anchored in morally legitimate laws and institutionally established practices. Honneth's paradigm  which he terms "a democratic ethical life" draws on the spirit of Hegel's Philosophy of Right and his own theory of recognition, demonstrating how concrete social spheres generate the tenets of individual freedom and a standard for what is just. Using social analysis to re-found a more grounded theory of justice, he argues that all crucial actions in Western civilization, whether in personal relationships, market-induced economic activities, or the public forum of politics, share one defining characteristic: they require the realization of a particular aspect of individual freedom. This fundamental truth informs the guiding principles of justice, enabling a wide-ranging reconsideration of its nature and application.
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
Daniel Schlozman - When Movements Anchor Parties: Electoral Alignments in American History  

Throughout American history, some social movements, such as organized labor and the Christian Right, have forged influential alliances with political parties, while others, such as the antiwar movement, have not. When Movements Anchor Parties provides a bold new interpretation of American electoral history by examining five prominent movements and their relationships with political parties. Taking readers from the Civil War to today, Daniel Schlozman shows how two powerful alliances those of organized labor and Democrats in the New Deal, and the Christian Right and Republicans since the 1970s have defined the basic priorities of parties and shaped the available alternatives in national politics. He traces how they diverged sharply from three other major social movements that failed to establish a place inside political parties the abolitionists following the Civil War, the Populists in the 1890s, and the antiwar movement in the 1960s and 1970s. Moving beyond a view of political parties simply as collections of groups vying for preeminence, Schlozman explores how would-be influencers gain influence or do not. He reveals how movements join with parties only when the alliance is beneficial to parties, and how alliance exacts a high price from movements. Their sweeping visions give way to compromise and partial victories. Yet as Schlozman demonstrates, it is well worth paying the price as movements reorient parties' priorities. Timely and compelling, When Movements Anchor Parties demonstrates how alliances have transformed American political parties.
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
James S. Fishkin - Democracy When the People Are Thinking: Revitalizing Our Politics Through Public Deliberation  

Democracy requires a connection to the 'will of the people'. What does that mean in a world of 'fake news', relentless advocacy, dialogue mostly among the like-minded, and massive spending to manipulate public opinion? What kind of opinion can the public have under such conditions? What would democracy be like if the people were really thinking in depth about the policies they must live with? If they really 'deliberated' with good information about their political choices?

This book argues that 'deliberative democracy' is not utopian. It is a practical solution to many of democracy's ills. It can supplement existing institutions with practical reforms. It can apply at all levels of government and for many different kinds of policy choices. This volume speaks to a recurring dilemma: listen to the people and get the angry voices of populism or rely on widely distrusted elites and get policies that seem out of touch with the public's concerns. Instead, there are methods for getting a representative and thoughtful public voice that is really worth listening to. Democracy is under siege in most countries, where democratic institutions have low approval and face a resurgent threat from authoritarian regimes. Deliberative democracy can provide an antidote and can reinvigorate our democratic politics.  This book draws on the author's research with many collaborators on 'Deliberative Polling'-a process conducted in 27 countries on six continents. It contributes both to political theory and to the empirical study of public opinion and participation. It should interest anyone concerned about the future of democracy and how it can be revitalized.
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
Postmodern Materialism and the Future of Marxist Theory: Essays in the Althusserian Tradition

After witnessing the recent collapse of Europe's communist states, many contemporary political and social theorists have assumed that Marxism as a whole has been discredited. Through essays that range from such topics and the place of Machiavelli in the history of philosophy to the functions of education in the new South Africa to new Althusserian readings of Spinoza, Hobbes, and Hegel, this volume invites us to rethink the current real but unnecessary divide between Marxism and postmodernism.
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
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Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
Jose Neves - Geringonça’s End

The geringonça, or ‘contraption’, was the name given to the political solution that emerged from the 2015 legislative elections, in which no party received the necessary vote share to form a majority. Although the PS won fewer votes than a coalition headed by the PSD, it was able to form a government thanks to the support of PCP and BE representatives. Their confidence-and-supply deal with the PS brought to an end the administration led by Pedro Passos Coelho (PSD), who, since 2011, had implemented the Troika’s austerity agenda. The geringonça – an arrangement unprecedented in Portugal’s democratic history – suffered its first setback in the 2019 elections, when the left parties’ vote share declined and their joint legislative programme with the PS was not renewed. From then on, the PCP and BE voted with the government on a case-by-case basis. 

https://newleftreview.org/sidecar/posts/geringoncas-end
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2022 February 16
Политическая теория и философия (Political theory and philosophy)
Пьерик Марисаль - Биткоин не для всех

Биткоин стал валютой не для всех. 3 миллиона BTC принадлежат 1 000 человек, включая физические или юридические лица. Речь идёт о 135 миллиардах евро по курсу криптовалюты к концу декабря 2021 года. Эти данные были получены в результате тщательно проделанной работы двух исследователей – Игоря Макарова из London School of Economics (Лондонская школа экономики) и Антуанетты Шоар из Массачусетского технологического института (MIT) в Бостоне. Кажется, пора поднимать вопрос о криптонеравенстве.

https://humanite-russie.ru/2022/02/15/bitcoin-ne-dlya-vsekh/
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