Marxism is nevertheless the major manifestation of the dialectics of modernity, in a sociological as well as theoretical sense. As a social force, Marxism was a legitimate offspring of modern capitalism and Enlightenment culture. For good or bad, rightly or wrongly, Marxist parties, movements, and intellectual currents became, for at least a hundred years from the late nineteenth to the late twentieth century, the most important form of embracing the contradictory nature of modernity. It simultaneously affirmed the positive, progressive features of capitalism, industrialization, urbanization, mass literacy, of looking to the future instead of past and of keeping one’s eyes fixed on the earth of the present, and, on the other hand, denouncing the exploitation, the human alienation, the commodification and the instrumentalization of the social, the false ideology, and the imperialism inherent in the modernization process.